On the other hand, an observer participant is the one that carries the role of a visitor with the only right to observe their behavior and environment without participating in their activities.
As previously said the observer participant can only take notes of the activities he observes. Interviewing has a variety of forms including: individual, face-to-face interviews and face-to-face group interviewing. The asking and answering of questions can be mediated by the telephone or other electronic devices e. There are also other interviews as in-depth interviews, clinical interviews, history stories and life stories.
In-depth interview An In-depth interview is the one that takes place when you interview the studied population individually or in groups so that it freely expresses any idea, feelings and motivations about the topic being studied Oxman C. Bear in mind that this interview establishes a relationship among persons and that you must have an opening question. Keep the persons talking all the time. Ask them to clarify any ambiguous topics. It is used in an English oral exam, in a market, custom research or in a qualitative research.
It is useful for targeting detailed perceptions, opinions, and attitudes. This face to face interview can be done in person or by mass media phone, video call or webinar.
When carrying out this type of interview have ready a discussion guide or questionnaire. It is time consuming; however if it is a personal face to face interview or a video call it allows to probe for explanation of responses. It also gives you the opportunity to interpret body language and facial expressions Marshall, Clinical interview Therapeutic or clinical interviews are another special kind of professional interview, in which the purpose is to increase understanding and produce change in the person being interviewed.
Sewell, Semi-structured interview The semi-structured interview is more commonly used in health care-related qualitative research.
Such an interview is characteristically based on a flexible topic guide that provides a loose structure of open-ended questions to explore experiences and attitudes.
It has the advantage of great flexibility, enabling the researcher to enter new areas and produce richer data. In addition, it helps the researcher to develop a rapport with the informants. They are commonly used when the aim is to gain information on the perspectives, understandings and meanings constructed by people regarding the events and experiences of their lives.
Zakiya Q. You may also consider the autobiographies written by the subject in question or any letter related with the unit of observation. Tells from life or life story are narrations done by the person talking about his own life or two individual talking about this very own person narrating what they know or remember, as well as a discussion about a topic where the unit of observation is involved.
Finally, you might want to triangulate this versions to have a clear idea of the indicators you are trying to observe. Childhood, adolescence, and adultness stories, background and references are extremely important when using this technique. Discussion group A Discussion group is the one where an interviewer asks a series of structured questions to the participants which have been selected according to the units of observation, indicators and objectives. The participants answer the questions individually without being interrupted by the others social pressure.
Focus group On the other hand, a focus group is the one where once more interviewer answer questions in a group and where group member can easily interrupt them mean while they are answering the question.
Discussion takes place like a debate. In a quantitative survey you may use a short answer responses or dichotomous questions, multiple choice answers, paragraph, check boxes, drop down, linear scale, multiple choice grid and more. As you can see there are various question formats that can be adapted to your research needs. For example: Have you traveled to Guatemala?
Perhaps we know that Toyota, Honda, Mazda, and Ford are most likely to be purchased. You may request that the options be ranked based upon a particular attribute.
Ties may or may not be allowed. If you allow ties, several options will have the same scores. Example: Based upon what you have seen, heard, and experienced, please rank the following brands according to their reliability.
Place a "1" next to the brand that is most reliable, a "2" next to the brand that is next most reliable, and so on. Remember, no two cars can have the same ranking. Rating scales are often used to measure the direction and intensity of attitudes. The following is an example of a comparative rating scale question: Which of the following categories best describes your last experience purchasing a product or service on our website?
Would you say that your experience was: Very pleasant Somewhat pleasant Neither pleasant nor unpleasant Somewhat unpleasant Very unpleasant The Semantic Differential Scale The semantic differential scale asks a person to rate a product, brand, or company based upon a seven-point rating scale that has two bi- polar adjectives at each end.
The following is an example of a semantic differential scale question. A person must choose, to a certain extent, one or the other adjective. The following is an example of a staple scale question: When thinking about Data Mining Technologies, Inc. DMT , do you believe that the word "innovative" aptly describes or poorly describes the company?
Distribute the points giving the more important reasons a greater number of points. The computer will prompt you if your total does not equal exactly points. When thinking about the reasons you purchased our TargetFind data mining software, please rate the following reasons according to their relative importance. Questions must sum to points and point totals are checked by javascript. It gives a person the chance to respond in detail.
Although open-ended questions are important, they are time-consuming and should not be over-used. An example of an open-ended question might be: If the respondent indicates they did not find what they were looking for What products of services were you looking for that were not found on our website?
If you want to add an "Other" answer to a multiple choice question, you would use branching instructions to come to an open ended question to find out what Other The Demographic Question Demographic questions are an integral part of any questionnaire.
They are used to identify characteristics such as age, gender, income, race, geographic place of residence, number of children, and so forth. For example demographic questions will help you to classify the difference between product users and non-users.
There are four main kinds of interview: a the structured interview; b the unstructured interview; c the non-directive interview; and d the focus interview. Structured Interviews The Structured Interviews are formal because, sets of questions known as interview questionnaire are posed to each interviewee visited and the responses are recorded on a standardized schedule.
It is therefore characterised as being a closed interview situation. In structured interview, the interviewer follows a set pattern usually adhering as much as possible to the order of questions on the interview questionnaire whilst posing the questions in a formal manner.
Interviewers must always ensure that the atmosphere of an interview is congenial to establish interviewer-interviewee rapport. Unstructured Interview The Unstructured Interview is the less formal type in which although sets of questions may be used, the interviewer freely modifies the sequence of questions, changes the wording and sometimes explains them or adds to them during the interaction.
Hence the researcher has to be careful in order not to deviate from his focus. The atmosphere is often casual. This is conducted in what is characterised as an opened situation because there is more flexibility and freedom in the interaction. Non-Directive Interview The Non-Directive Interview or the unguided gives excessive freedom for the respondent to express his or her ideas subjectively and spontaneously as she chooses or is able to. There are no set questions in this style.
It is the most appropriate type of interview to use when investigating issues where the respondent has to be allowed to talk uninterrupted on a very broad topic which will unconsciously reveal personal motives, feelings, attitudes etc.
This method is used by researchers to render the non-directive interview more interviewer control with the use of verbal cues that serve as a stimulus to inspire respondents to volunteer more information on the subject. As the story unfolds the researcher can hum in approval of what the respondent submits or chip in a stimulating question to encourage the flow of the conversation.
Transcribing Audio-visual recordings on mediums like CD's and DVD's have become major sources of soft data which researchers rely on during data collection. Other sources include you-tube. Such soft data and those recorded from verbal interaction with respondents during interviews have to be transcribed. This is an essential tool in linguistics where recorded speech is systematically represented in a specific language.
A message in a written text from a particular language can also be transcribed into a new language. This is often described as translation. Transcription must be made from the original recordings of any speech or interview. Even though interviews are always dotted with non-verbal communication such as hand, face and body gestures, they must not influence the transcription in anyway.
Observation The study of photographs, videotapes, tape recordings, art objects, computer software and films fall within this type of data collection procedure.
The procedure should be unobtrusive to enable informants to share their reality directly with researchers. It is creative and captures attention visually. The presence of a photographer or the video technician may be intrusive and influence responses. Observation is one of the very important methods for obtaining comprehensive data in qualitative research especially when a composite of both oral and visual data become vital to the research.
A researcher obviously needs an audio-visual recorder for a complete collection of such comprehensive record. By the use of observation strategy, researchers are able to obtain first hand information about objects, and eventful happenings like durbar and festivals. The possibility of distorting facts and records are reduced to the barest minimum.
Fine artists, industrial artists and graphic designers employ sketching as they observe nature to collect data in design-based research. With this instrument, the researcher may become a 1. Participant observer or 2. Non-participant observer. Even though he is seen by the subjects of the study, he conceals his real identity as a researcher. By this approach the researcher gets firsthand experience with informants. This is the type of observation which deals with covert investigation for which information may be sensitive and informants may feel uncomfortable to disclose.
Non-Participant Observer: In this approach the researcher does not live as a member of the subjects of the study. The researcher watches the subjects of his or her study, with their knowledge of his status as a researcher, but without taking an active part in the situation under study. This approach is sometimes criticized on the grounds that the very fact of their being observed may lead people to behave indifferently, thus invalidating the data obtained.
Reading of Documents Although reading is more to do with literature review, it is also an instrument for studying public documents such as newspapers, minutes of meetings and private documents such as letters, biographies and diaries to enable the researcher obtain the language and words of informants who may not be alive at the time of the research.
The limitation or difficulty in this approach is that the documents may be protected and researchers may not have access to them either because they are national security documents or confidential documents. Letters and diaries can also be studied at both the researcher and the informant's convenience.
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